H-5 Plan for possible unwanted effects when using reinforcement, extinction, and

• Per BACB ethical code, BCBAs must always include fade out plan when implementing punishement procedures.
• Matching Law is to Concurrent Schedules of reinforcement as Behavioral Contrast is to multiple schedules of reinforcement.
• Behavioral contrast is observed when the schedule of reinforcement has been increased in one situation while remaining constant in the other. It occurs when the response rate changes inversely in an unaltered setting or component due to a change in a multiple schedule in another component/setting.
• As long as intervention conditions are held constant in all settings, across people, and across time-by punishing all instances of undesirable behavior, behavioral contrast effects will be minimized or prevented.
• If behavior has been maintained in 2(or more) contexts, and a procedure that decreases behavior is introduced into one of these contexts, the behavior may increase in the other, without any other change in contingencies. This increase is called positive behavioral contrast. 
• Negative behavioral contrast results when behavior increases in one schedule causes a decrease in the other.
• Decreased effectiveness of a reinforcer due to satiation is not an unwanted effect of extinction - it is a side effect of the lack or variation of reinforcers. Undesirable emotional responses, spontaneous recovery, extinction burst, aggression, resistance to extinction, resurgence, discriminated extinction and or behavioral contrast ( the increase of the behavior on a setting without extinction impemented) are all common unwanted effects of extinction that should be consedered when programming extinction procedures.
• to minimize this 'Decreased effectiveness of a reinforcer due to satiation', we want to make sure that we use multiple, varied reinforcers and cycle through the different reinforcers to prevent satiation.
• Before using punishement as part of a treatment package, a BCBA must obtain written consent from the client, parents, or legal advocate
• Unwanted effects of negative reinforcement are same as the unwanted effects of punishment. Negative reinforcment involoves the presence of an aversive stimulus; this presence may have similar effects of punishement procedures
• Possible unwanted effects of punishment include escape and avoidance behaviors, behavioral contrast, observed learning, overuse of punishement prcedures, undesirable emotional responses and aggression.
• Response cost involves removing reinforcement upon the occurrence of an undesirable behavior. When implementing a response cost, the removal of a positive reinforcer may result in aggressive behaviors or one may inadvertently provide desired attention for the punished bx and unintentionally serve as a reinforcing consequence to the problem bx. Produce avoidance responses, effect collateral reductions of appropriate behaviors, increase student aggressiveness.
• When programming reinforcers, we want to make sure that we fade out the contrived reinforcers to reinforcers that are naturally present in the environment to promote generalization and maintain the behavior once the interventions have been faded out.
• If a successful reinforcement procedure is terminated, it is very likely that the target bx may stop as well. This highlights the importance of programming fading procedures and natural reinforcers.
• Possible unwanted effect of reinforcement: fixation on highly preferred reinforcer causing distraction or engagement in maladaptive behavior, Target behavior may not generalized if it is only reinfored in specific settings, during certain times, or by certain people, engagement in maladaptive behavior due to difficulty relinquishing or transitioning back from reinforcing activity, using reinforcement in a specific environment or under certain conditions does not guarantee generalization.
• unwanted effect of extinction: Discriminated extinction or behavior constrast - the treatment is only effective in the presence of an SD(e.g. the therapist implementing then extinction procedure), undesirable emotional responses, spontaneous recovery, exinction burst, aggression, resistance to extinction, resurgence, and or behavioral contrast(the increase of the behavior in a setting without extinction implemented) are all common unwanted effects of extinction that should be considered when programming extinction procedures.
• When using punishment, a negative side effect can occur where the decrease of one problem bx by punishment can lead to a decrease in other desirable bx. This is most commonly due to unintentionally punishing other bx.
• If behavior has been maintained in 2(or more) contexts, and a procedure that decreases behavior is intorduced into one of these contexts, the behavior may increase in the other, without any other change in contingencies. THis increase is called positive behavioral contrast.
• Spontaneous recovery occurs during the implementation of extinction procedures, it involves the short-lived and limted reemergence of the previouly reinforced problem bx after it has been extinguished even though it no longer produces reinforcemnet. This is a temporary effect.
• Habituation involves a decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus. It typically shows a reduction of respondent bx as a function of repeated presentation of the aversive stimulus over a short span of time. Every time jacob curses her sister sprays a perfume that jacob finds extremely aversive. Initially this is working and he begins to decrease his cursing behavior. However, after some time the smell doesn't bother him anymore and his cursing behavior increases again. Jacob is no longer responding to the aversive stimulus of the perfume because it has been presented repeatedly over a short time span-he has gotten used to the smell(habituated)
• Bribery occurs when a preferred item is presented before the desired behavior or promised in response to an undesired behavior. Reinforcement is presented after the desired behavior occurs.
• Resurgence is the reappearance of a previously reinforced behavior as a result of putting another behavior being put on extinction. 
• In order for time-out to be effective, the time-in environment must be reinforcing to the individual.
• Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction, it is the strongest schedule of reinforcement.
• The consequence of behavior should always occur immediately after behavior occurs to establish a relation/contingency. They should have close temporal continguity, which means proximity in time-the events should occur close together in time.