measurement -frequency, rate, duration.Latency, interresponse

Measures defined

1. frequency- number of responses(within a constant time period)

2. rate- number of response per standard unit of time(e.g., seconds, minutes, hours)

3. duration-measure of time from the begging to the end of the response 

- Use when the amount of time the person engages in the behavior is important

4. latency-measure of time between an environmental event and a response. To measure the amount of time between opportunity and the beginning of a response.

When measuring latency, begin the timer at the presentation of the stimulus that is to occasion the behavior. The timer stopped at the onset of the behavior. 

If a response is occurring too late, a reasonable goal would be to decrease the latency to respond. 

5. inter-response time- measure of time between the end of one response and the beginning of the next one

-Interresponse time is the time between responses. If a response is occurring at too high a rate, increasing interresponse time is a reasonable goal. If a response is occurring at too low a rate, decreasing interresponse time is a reasonable goal. 

6. percent of occurrence- number of responses divided by number of opportunities and multiplied by 100.

-Use with discriminative operants that have a limited opportunity to occur.

7. trails to criterion- number of response opportunities to achieve a performance standard

-Trials-to-criterion is a measure of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance.  The frequency of opportunities to respond(learning trials) is counted instead of the frequency of the response. Target criteria are determined by the nature of the target behavior and the desired performance level.

Trials-to-criterion is a frequency measure. to yield meaningful information, frequency data must be reported relative to some other variable. For example, rate is reported in terms of the frequency of a response over a period of time. 

8. celeration-ratio of two response rates(measure of change) divided by measure of time between the two response rates.

9. Momentary time sampling - use when you can only collect data a small portion of the time and rate is sufficiently high.

10. Partial-interval - use when responses are too frequent to count each instance or they occur at various durations. 

-Intend is not observable. If collecting duration or frequency data, behaviors without a clear onset and offset will not be reliably recorded. 

-Duration is measured from the time the behavior begins until it ends. 

-Total duration is the sum of the durations.

-Average duration per occurrence is calculated by dividing the total duration by the number of occurrences of the behavior.

-Frequency measures are most appropriate for behaviors that have discrete beginnings and endings, do not vary significantly in duration, and should not be too frequent to count. The rate makes it possible to count each response. 

-Rate is count divided by time. Frequency is used to indicate simply the number of times a behavior  occurs, which is an appropriate measure as long as observations are always the same length. Rate is necessary when sessions are not a constant length. 

-Proficient responding is both accurate and rapid. Rate is the only measure that reflects both of these dimensions. 

-If the percent of occurrences is based on too few opportunities, results will be over-or underestimated. For example, say the true percent of correct answers is 70 out of 100, or 70%. If a sample is made of only five observations, results are likely to yield 60% or 80%, but never 70%. Error is decreased proportionally to the number of opportunities. '

Generally the lowest accepted number of opportunities upon which to base a percent is 30. 

-If the percent of occurrences is based on too few opportunities, results will be over-or underestimated. For example, say the true percent of correct answers is 70 out of 100, or 70%. If a sample is made of only five observations, results are likely to yield 60% or 80%, but never 70%. 

- Latency is a measure of the time that passed between the opportunity to respond and the onset of the response. If a response is occurring too soon, a reasonable goal would be to increase the latency to respond. 

how much time passes between the opportunity to emit a behavior and when the behavior occurs. 

-trals-to-criterion data can be used to assess a learner's increasing competence in acquiring a related class of concepts. For example, if a learner achieves mastery of each newly introduced color in fewer trial blocks than it took to learn previous color discriminations, this can be regarded as evidence of the student's increasing ability to generalize the concept to novel stimuli. 

-trals-to-criterion data can be used to compare the relative efficiency of two or more treatments or instructional methods. Sometimes trials-to-criterion data are supplemented with other measures, such as the amount of instruction time needed to achieve predetermined performance criteria. 

-interresponse : how much time passes between consecutive occurrences of responses in the same response class

-Latency :  how much time passes the opportunity to emit a response and when the response occurs 

- 

-