G-4 Use stimulus and response prompts and fading(e.g., errorless, most-to-least, least-to-most, prompt delay, stimulus fading)

Errorless learning

• the aim is to avoid errors, so that the correct behaviors are learned as efficiently as possible
• An instruction method that is designed to prevent or minimize a student's errors that are used to teach discriminations. #nomistake
• Most-to-least prompting is relevant when teaching new skills using errorless learning.
• procedures try to prevent errors before they happen to minimize the chance that the client learns the wrong way to respond because they're more likely to repeat the error in the future.
• Graduated guidance is never used in errorless teaching, it is a seperate teaching method. 
• Prompts are removed gradually faded out/removed during errorless teaching, to provide a natural transition toward the independent response criterion.
• During errorless learning, a client is hindered from making an incorrect response: You want to prevent wrong/incorrect responses ASAP. As soon as you see the possibility of an error, block/prevent it from occuring.
• Disadvantage of errorless learning : expensive, high effort, require a lot of time. 

 

Prompts

• 2 different types of prompt: Response prompts and stimulus prompts
• Stimulus prompts : putting a sticker on a card you'd like a client to choose is a stimulus prompt because you are acting on the antecedent.
• A stimulus prompt acts on the antecedent stimuli, NOT on the response. They call attention to the simuli that is in need of help, a few types are: movement, position, redundancy.
• Response prompt acts on the response itself, NOT on the actecedent stimuli.  A response prompt acts on the response. 3 forms of response prompt: verbal, modeling, and physical prompting. 
• Stimulus fading : is the systematic and gradual fading of intrusive prompts until the control transfers to the natural stimulus, Example, when teaching someone to read the word BLUE, you can write the word is in BLUE and then graduallay fade the blue color aways.
• Stimulus fading and stimulus shaping are ways to remove stimulus prompts. 
• Stimulus shaping: Transforming the shape of the stimulus. These are gradual transformations of the physical shape. example: taking the image of a star and gradually changing it to form the letters of the word "star" until it looks like the typed word "star" 
• Least to Most prompting: the method that results in the least amount of over-prompting . It starts with minimal cues and gradually increase until resulting in the correct response. The prompts become more intrusive ONLY if it's necessary.
• When teaching staff to prompt a client, its best to use the least intrusive method.
• Physical, paried and positioned are all types of prompts.
• Prompts should not be provided after the response.
• Graduated guidance : utilizes a minimal amount pf physical response and then gradually reducing physical prompts. The tech is using graduated guidance to face out the level of prompting needed. Graduated guidance is never used in errorless teaching, it is a seperate teaching method.  Ex, when teaching a client how to brush their teeth and the prompting starts by using hand over and then gradually moves away form the hand and up the arm
• Effective step when using a prompt: present the antecedent stimulus, prompt the correct bx, reinforce the correct BX whether a prompt was used or not.